Bruce Lee (born Lee Jun-fan; 27 November 1940 – 20 July 1973) was a Chinese American and Hong Kong actor, martial arts instructor, philosopher, film director, film producer, screenwriter, and founder of the Jeet Kune Do martial arts movement. He is considered one of the most influential martial artists of the 20th century, and a cultural icon.
Lee was born in San Francisco, California in the United States, to parents of Hong Kong heritage but raised in Hong Kong until his late teens. Upon reaching the age of 18, Lee emigrated to the United States to claim his U.S. Citizenship and receive his higher education. It was during this time he began teaching martial arts, which soon led to film and television roles.
His Hong Kong and Hollywood-produced films elevated the traditional Hong Kong martial arts film to a new level of popularity and acclaim, and sparked a major surge of interest in Chinese martial arts in the West in the 1970s. The direction and tone of his films changed and influenced martial arts and martial arts films in Hong Kong and the rest of the world as well. He is noted for his roles in five feature-length films, Lo Wei's The Big Boss (1971) and Fist of Fury (1972); Way of the Dragon (1972), directed and written by Lee; Warner Brothers' Enter the Dragon (1973), directed by Robert Clouse; and The Game of Death (1978), directed by Lee.
Lee became an iconic figure known throughout the world and remains very popular among Asian audience and in particular among the Chinese, as he portrayed Chinese nationalism through his films. While Lee initially trained in Wing Chun, he later rejected well-defined martial art styles, favouring instead to utilise useful techniques from various sources in the spirit of his personal martial arts philosophy he dubbed Jeet Kune Do (The Way of the Intercepting Fist).
李小龍（英語：Bruce Lee，1940年11月27日晨7時12分[1]－1973年7月20日），原名李振藩，乳名細鳳，出生於美國加州舊金山，幼年及孩童時期於香港渡過。李小龍無論是在生時或去世後，他的電影風格及形象均對全世界華人以至世界各地有影響力，他亦被認為是武術技擊家、哲學家、也是截拳道武道哲學的創立者。李小龍的電影生涯主要在1970年代的香港，他的名字可算是香港武打電影，甚至是華語電影的象徵之一。
wiki : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Lee
Robert Louis Balfour Stevenson (13 November 1850 – 3 December 1894) was a Scottish novelist, poet, essayist and travel writer. His best-known books include Treasure Island, Kidnapped, and the Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde.
A literary celebrity during his lifetime, Stevenson now ranks among the 30 most translated authors in the world, just below Charles Dickens. He has been greatly admired by many authors, including Jorge Luis Borges, Ernest Hemingway, Rudyard Kipling, Marcel Schwob, Vladimir Nabokov, J. M. Barrie, and G. K. Chesterton, who said of him that he "seemed to pick the right word up on the point of his pen, like a man playing spillikins."
羅伯特·路易斯·史蒂文森（英語：Robert Louis Stevenson，1850年11月13日－1894年12月3日），蘇格蘭小說家、詩人與旅遊作家，也是英國文學新浪漫主義的代表之一。史蒂文森受到了許多作家的讚美，其中包括歐內斯特·海明威、約瑟夫·魯德亞德·吉卜林、豪爾赫·路易斯·博爾赫斯與弗拉基米爾·納博可夫等知名作家。然而許多現代主義的作家並不認同他，因為史蒂文森是大眾化的，而且他的作品並不符合他們所定義的文學。直到最近，評論家開始審視史蒂文森而且將他的作品放入西方經典中。史蒂文森常常到處旅行，部分原因是尋找適合他治療結核病的氣候。
wiki : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson中文 : http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E8%92%82%E6%96%87%E6%A3%AE
X-radiation (composed of X-rays) is a form of electromagnetic radiation. X-rays have a wavelength in the range of 0.01 to 10 nanometers, corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz (3 × 1016 Hz to 3 × 1019 Hz) and energies in the range 120 eV to 120 keV. They are shorter in wavelength than UV rays and longer than gamma rays. In many languages, X-radiation is called Röntgen radiation, after Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, who is generally credited as its discoverer, and who had named it X-radiation to signify an unknown type of radiation.Correct spelling of X-ray(s) in the English language includes the variants x-ray(s) and X ray(s). XRAY is used as the phonetic pronunciation for the letter x.
X-rays from about 0.12 to 12 keV (10 to 0.10 nm wavelength) are classified as "soft" X-rays, and from about 12 to 120 keV (0.10 to 0.01 nm wavelength) as "hard" X-rays, due to their penetrating abilities.
Hard X-rays can penetrate solid objects, and their most common use is to take images of the inside of objects in diagnostic radiography and crystallography. As a result, the term X-ray is metonymically used to refer to a radiographic image produced using this method, in addition to the method itself. By contrast, soft X-rays can hardly be said to penetrate matter at all; for instance, the attenuation length of 600 eV (~ 2 nm) x-rays in water is less than 1 micrometer. X-rays are a form of ionizing radiation, and exposure to them can be a health hazard.
The distinction between X-rays and gamma rays has changed in recent decades. Originally, the electromagnetic radiation emitted by X-ray tubes had a longer wavelength than the radiation emitted by radioactive nuclei (gamma rays). Older literature distinguished between X- and gamma radiation on the basis of wavelength, with radiation shorter than some arbitrary wavelength, such as 10−11 m, defined as gamma rays. However, as shorter wavelength continuous spectrum "X-ray" sources such as linear accelerators and longer wavelength "gamma ray" emitters were discovered, the wavelength bands largely overlapped. The two types of radiation are now usually distinguished by their origin: X-rays are emitted by electrons outside the nucleus, while gamma rays are emitted by the nucleus.
早期X射線重要的研究者有Ivan Pului教授、威廉·克魯克斯爵士、約翰·威廉·希托夫、Eugene Goldstein、海因里希·魯道夫·赫茲、菲利普·萊納德、亥姆霍茲、尼古拉·特斯拉、愛迪生、Charles Glover Barkla、馬克思·馮·勞厄和威廉·康拉德·倫琴。
一台水冷X射線管的圖紙（簡化／過時）物理學家希托夫觀察到真空管中的陰極發出的射線。當這些射線遇到玻璃管壁會產生螢光。1876年這種射線被Eugene Goldstein命名為"陰極射線" 。隨後，英國物理學家克魯克斯研究稀有氣體裡的能量釋放，並且製造了克魯克斯管。這是一種玻璃真空管，內有可以產生高電壓的電極。他還發現，當將未曝光的相片底片靠近這種管時，一些部分被感光了，但是他沒有繼續研究這一現象。1887年4月，尼古拉·特斯拉開始使用自己設計的高電壓真空管與克魯克斯管研究X光。他發明了單電極X光管，在其中電子穿過物質，發生了現在叫做韌致輻射的效應，生成高能X光射線。1892年特斯拉完成了這些實驗，但是他並沒有使用X光這個名字，而只是籠統成為放射能。他繼續進行實驗，並提醒科學界注意陰極射線對生物體的危害性，但他沒有公開自己的實驗成果。1892年赫茲進行實驗，提出陰極射線可以穿透非常薄的金屬箔。赫茲的學生倫納德進一步研究這一效應，對很多金屬進行了實驗。亥姆霍茲則對光的電磁本性進行了數學推導。
wiki : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray中文 : http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/X%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF
Bruce Lee (born Lee Jun-fan; 27 November 1940 – 20 July 1973) was a Chinese American and Hong Kong actor, martial arts instructor, philosopher, film director, film producer, screenwriter, and founder of the Jeet Kune Do martial arts movement. He is considered one of the most influential martial artists of the 20th century, and a cultural icon.
